It doesn't really make sense. A capacitor would look like the others in the diagram (C5301, for example), but you'd think it if were a diode it would look like the one shown near it (N5300). Are you sure these are position codes? It seems awfully convenient that all the things labeled with a C are capacitors... I'm thinking it may be more a part reference list.

In any case, the only thing I can think of that would list amperage would be a diode. Capacitors would be in Farads (27pico, 100nano?). If these aren't location codes, maybe the F stands for fuse? Do they make ceramic SMT fuses?

Turns out they do. Here's a 2.0A at 24V. Just find a 2.0A at 5V and I'll be that's your candidate. That could also explain it "evacuating" the board when overloaded?