I think some clarification is needed in regards to the term "charger" here.

Many modern batteries have a dedicated chip inside, which is controlling it's charging process, collects usage statistics and keeps track of remaining battery capacity (life time wise). Good examples of such batteries are notebook batteries. As the process of charging is controlled by that controller, which is limiting charging current (changing it in different phases of charging process), it's not possible to change charging current by using more powerful power supply. It will work other way around though - less powerful supply will limit the maximum charging current till the moment, when it dies because of overload (if it has no overload protection).

Most (if not all) modern mobile devices have charging controller built in into them (not the battery, as doing that would increase battery's size). The "charger" as we call it is in fact just a power supply. By using more powerful power supply we are changing nothing (except, maybe, the efficiency of the energy use, as usually power supplies have their maximum efficiency at their nominal load).

The term "charger" probably comes from those times, when the charging logics was inside of the external charger also for the phones. In that case, usage of the non-standard charger for a particular phone, could provide non-matching charging profile (including usage of higher current) and damage the battery this way.

On the other hand, using charger/power supply with different output voltage (especially higher then expected) will most likely lead to unpleasant results (device and/or battery damaged/destroyed, power supply damaged/destroyed, your house burned down, etc). So, that should not be ever done.