According to Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRLP all modern phones implement Radio Resource Location Protocol. Harald Welte and his team implemented OpenBSC and during Hacking At Random 2009 was testing it: http://laforge.gnumonks.org/weblog/2...har2009_report

According to section 3.6 of the report they were able to get smartphones to send location information to the network without any authentication of the network. As HAR network was not offering 112 (it was sending information that it does not support emergency calls) it looks like the ability to get location information is not limited to emergency calls.