Ok, after nothing seemed to work, this is how I actually got it resolves (and if anybody can explain me why this actually worked, I would appreciate it).
I copied all images from the MC to the internal memory (through the phone UI. not attached via USB to any computer).
Formatted the MC through the UI, changed the cam settings to safe on MC, took a photo to create the DCIM folder on the card (creating it myself would not solve the problem) and finally copied all images back into the newly created folder on the MC. Voila, everything fixed.