Sounds like you have interrupted the write process of the USB card which can have an effect on the file system, basically corrupting it, making it unreadable to an OS. That is why your windows PC is asking to format, that is it's usual response to an unknown or undetectable file system. Happens a lot as flash drives meet magnets or get dropped or damaged etc.

Formatting and trying again will work, scanning might only work if the write process didn't corrupt your file table, if that helps scanning won't do much. The disk itself won't be damaged but there simply won't be a structure with which to build on.

Think a library with the books on shelves in a neat order, now take away all the shelves and leave the books in a pile on the floor, you might still have all the books lying round but without a shelving system no one can understand where things might be.

Format the memory card and start again. If that means flashing then you might have to bite the bullet.