You can install gcc, g++, make etc. with apt-get.
I sometimes code some c or c++ on the device so I install everything I need for that with "apt-get install minutils gcc g++ make build-essentials" aswell as sdl devel libs. Before compiling I just have to make sure I have enough space in temp "export TMPDIR=/home/user/MyDocs/tmp".

I think there is a way to chroot into a development image, but I'm not sure plus with this I can get to coding fast and simple.